{"id":3725,"date":"2022-11-02T08:35:22","date_gmt":"2022-11-02T08:35:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/earlybirds.qodeinteractive.com\/?p=3725"},"modified":"2025-02-04T23:14:55","modified_gmt":"2025-02-04T23:14:55","slug":"the-most-common-way-people-drink-noir-cafe","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.estrella-andorra.com\/index.php\/2022\/11\/02\/the-most-common-way-people-drink-noir-cafe\/","title":{"rendered":"IBU: qu\u00e8 \u00e9s i com influeix en el gust de la cervesa?"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3725\" class=\"elementor elementor-3725\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-926f015 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"926f015\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c7681ad\" data-id=\"c7681ad\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff83049 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ff83049\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Si t&#8217;agrada la cervesa, segurament has escoltat parlar del terme IBU. No es tracta nom\u00e9s d&#8217;una abreviatura que pots veure en l&#8217;etiqueta d&#8217;una cervesa o al lloc web de la teva cervesera preferida, sin\u00f3 d&#8217;un indicador important que influeix en el gust de la teva beguda favorita. En aquest article, desgranarem qu\u00e8 \u00e9s l&#8217;IBU, com es mesura i qu\u00e8 significa realment per a la teva experi\u00e8ncia cervesera.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4fef077 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4fef077\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7474e80\" data-id=\"7474e80\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8013c77 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget-tablet__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8013c77\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<blockquote><p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Qu\u00e8 \u00e9s l&#8217;IBU?<\/b><\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b533531 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b533531\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ca4c561\" data-id=\"ca4c561\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f5d3ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1f5d3ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">IBU (International Bitterness Units) \u00e9s la unitat internacional de mesura de l&#8217;amargor de la cervesa. Un terme senzill i clar, oi? Per\u00f2, si pensaves que IBU era el nom d&#8217;una criatura alien\u00edgena o d&#8217;un estrany artefacte m\u00e0gic, est\u00e0s molt equivocat.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">L&#8217;IBU mesura el nivell d&#8217;amargor de la cervesa, i aix\u00f2 est\u00e0 relacionat amb la quantitat d&#8217;\u00e0cids alfa que cont\u00e9 el ll\u00fapol. El ll\u00fapol \u00e9s l&#8217;ingredient que d\u00f3na a la cervesa el seu aroma i sabor caracter\u00edstic, a m\u00e9s d&#8217;ajudar a la seva conservaci\u00f3. Els \u00e0cids alfa en el ll\u00fapol s\u00f3n els responsables de crear aquesta amargor, que pot variar des de gaireb\u00e9 imperceptible fins a molt pronunciada, depenent de l&#8217;estil de la cervesa.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">L&#8217;escala IBU va ser creada l&#8217;any 1964 per l&#8217;Associaci\u00f3 Americana de Qu\u00edmics Cervesers (ASBC) amb l&#8217;objectiu d&#8217;estandarditzar la mesura de l&#8217;amargor de la cervesa i facilitar la seva comparaci\u00f3. Els valors de l&#8217;IBU varien entre 0 (nom\u00e9s un toc d&#8217;amargor) i 100 o m\u00e9s (una amargor molt pronunciada).<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-70b9a68 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"70b9a68\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d874c50\" data-id=\"d874c50\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c9e8645 elementor-widget elementor-widget-earlybirds_core_single_image\" data-id=\"c9e8645\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"earlybirds_core_single_image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"qodef-shortcode qodef-m  qodef-single-image qodef-layout--default   qodef--rounded-corners\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"qodef-m-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1300\" height=\"650\" src=\"https:\/\/www.estrella-andorra.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/pexels-eva-bronzini-5659398-1300x650.jpg\" class=\"attachment-earlybirds_core_image_size_landscape size-earlybirds_core_image_size_landscape\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3a9079f elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3a9079f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-de5c851\" data-id=\"de5c851\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0be2bb3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0be2bb3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2><span class=\"s1\">Com influeix l&#8217;IBU en la cervesa?<\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bdd830b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bdd830b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">L&#8217;IBU \u00e9s una eina \u00fatil tant per als fabricants de cervesa com per als consumidors, ja que els permet orientar-se pel nivell d&#8217;amargor i triar cerveses que s&#8217;adaptin als seus gustos. Cal recordar que, com m\u00e9s alt sigui el contingut alcoh\u00f2lic de la cervesa, m\u00e9s alt ser\u00e0 tamb\u00e9 el seu IBU. Aix\u00f2 ajuda a equilibrar la dol\u00e7or de l&#8217;alcohol i aconseguir una harmonia de sabors.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Per exemple, les cerveses m\u00e9s lleugeres, com les de blat o lager, solen tenir un IBU baix (10-20), mentre que les cerveses amb un alt contingut alcoh\u00f2lic, com les IPA, poden arribar a tenir entre 40 i 70 IBU.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9159de5 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9159de5\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-bd78198\" data-id=\"bd78198\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4061a8d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4061a8d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2><span class=\"s1\">Tipus de cervesa i els seus IBU<\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5f9558f elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5f9558f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a63de71\" data-id=\"a63de71\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b262589 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b262589\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Per entendre millor com funciona l&#8217;IBU en els diferents estils de cervesa, aqu\u00ed tens alguns rangs t\u00edpics d&#8217;amargor:<\/span><\/p><ul class=\"ul1\"><li class=\"li2\"><b><\/b><span class=\"s1\"><b>Cervesa de blat:<\/b> Normalment t\u00e9 entre 10 i 20 IBU. \u00c9s una cervesa lleugera i refrescant amb notes fruitades i un sabor suau.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"li2\"><b><\/b><span class=\"s1\"><b>Cervesa lleugera (lager):<\/b> L&#8217;amargor varia entre 15 i 25 IBU. \u00c9s una cervesa lleugera ideal per a aquells que busquen un sabor equilibrat, per\u00f2 no excessivament amarg.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"li2\"><b><\/b><span class=\"s1\"><b>Cervesa fosca:<\/b> Segons el tipus de ll\u00fapol i de malta utilitzada, l&#8217;amargor pot variar entre 25 i 50 IBU. Les cerveses fosques solen tenir un gust m\u00e9s profund i ric.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"li2\"><b><\/b><span class=\"s1\"><b>Cervesa d&#8217;alta fermentaci\u00f3 (Ale):<\/b> Pot arribar fins als 40 IBU. Els aromes afruitats proporcionats per les llevats sovint ajuden a suavitzar la sensaci\u00f3 d&#8217;amargor.<\/span><\/li><li class=\"li2\"><b><\/b><span class=\"s1\"><b>IPA (India Pale Ale):<\/b> Aquesta cervesa \u00e9s coneguda per la seva amargor intensa. El seu IBU pot variar entre 40 i 70 i m\u00e9s. El seu sabor es caracteritza per notes c\u00edtriques, de pi i florals, amb una amargor dominant de ll\u00fapol.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-fec0be2 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"fec0be2\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74838b1\" data-id=\"74838b1\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2dbf6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2dbf6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3><span class=\"s1\">Qu\u00e8 d\u00f3na amargor a la cervesa?<\/span><\/h3>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-276b1c5 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"276b1c5\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3d6941f\" data-id=\"3d6941f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b5c1515 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b5c1515\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">La principal font d&#8217;amargor \u00e9s el ll\u00fapol, que es fa servir en el proc\u00e9s de fabricaci\u00f3 de la cervesa. Per\u00f2 no nom\u00e9s el ll\u00fapol influeix en el sabor de la cervesa. Tamb\u00e9 cal tenir en compte la quantitat i el tipus de malta utilitzada en la fabricaci\u00f3 de la cervesa. La malta aporta dol\u00e7or a la cervesa i, en alguns casos, pot equilibrar l&#8217;amargor si la cervesa cont\u00e9 molta quantitat de ll\u00fapol. Per exemple, en algunes cerveses fosques, la dol\u00e7or de la malta pot suavitzar l&#8217;amargor intensa del ll\u00fapol.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">A m\u00e9s, com hem comentat abans, la percepci\u00f3 de l&#8217;amargor varia segons cada persona. Aquells que no estan acostumats a l&#8217;amargor poden trobar fins i tot una cervesa amb un IBU moderat massa amarga. Per aix\u00f2, \u00e9s important no nom\u00e9s fixar-se en els valors num\u00e8rics de l&#8217;IBU, sin\u00f3 tamb\u00e9 provar la cervesa per veure si s&#8217;adapta als nostres gustos.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-79694eb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"79694eb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.23.0 - 25-07-2024 *\/\n.elementor-heading-title{padding:0;margin:0;line-height:1}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title[class*=elementor-size-]>a{color:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-small{font-size:15px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-medium{font-size:19px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-large{font-size:29px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xl{font-size:39px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xxl{font-size:59px}<\/style><h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Conclusi\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87b57bc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"87b57bc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">L&#8217;IBU no \u00e9s nom\u00e9s un n\u00famero, sin\u00f3 una caracter\u00edstica important que ajuda els cervesers i els consumidors a entendre com ser\u00e0 l&#8217;amargor d&#8217;una cervesa. \u00c9s cert que l&#8217;IBU \u00e9s nom\u00e9s un dels factors que defineixen el sabor d&#8217;una cervesa. Per tenir una visi\u00f3 completa, tamb\u00e9 cal tenir en compte altres elements com la dol\u00e7or, l&#8217;acidesa i fins i tot la temperatura de servei.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Per tant, la propera vegada que tri\u00efs cervesa, fixa&#8217;t en l&#8217;IBU, per\u00f2 recorda que el millor \u00e9s provar-la i gaudir-ne amb tots els sentits!<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Si t&#8217;agrada la cervesa, segurament has escoltat parlar del terme IBU. No es tracta nom\u00e9s d&#8217;una abreviatura que pots veure en l&#8217;etiqueta d&#8217;una cervesa o al lloc web de la teva cervesera preferida, sin\u00f3 d&#8217;un indicador important que influeix en el gust de la teva beguda favorita. En aquest article, desgranarem qu\u00e8 \u00e9s l&#8217;IBU, com [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":7971,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[68],"tags":[64,62,60,69],"class_list":["post-3725","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cervesa","tag-andbeer","tag-cervesa-artesanal","tag-estrellaandorra","tag-ibu"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.estrella-andorra.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3725"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.estrella-andorra.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.estrella-andorra.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.estrella-andorra.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.estrella-andorra.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3725"}],"version-history":[{"count":13,"href":"https:\/\/www.estrella-andorra.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3725\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8015,"href":"https:\/\/www.estrella-andorra.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3725\/revisions\/8015"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.estrella-andorra.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/7971"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.estrella-andorra.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3725"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.estrella-andorra.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3725"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.estrella-andorra.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3725"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}